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Matter, Life, and Generation: Eighteenth-Century Embryology and the Haller-Wolff Debate, by Shirley A. Roe
Ebook Free Matter, Life, and Generation: Eighteenth-Century Embryology and the Haller-Wolff Debate, by Shirley A. Roe
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In the eighteenth century, two rival theories of organic generation existed. The 'preformationists' believed that all embryos had been formed by God at the Creation and encased within one another to await their future appointed time of development, while the 'epigenesists' argued that each embryo is newly produced through gradual development from unorganized material. The most important clash between the two schools, the debate between Albrecht von Haller (1708-77) and Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734-94), crystallized many of the key issues of eighteenth-century biology - the role of mechanism in biological explanation, the relationship of God to His Creation, the question of spontaneous generation, the problems of regeneration, hybrids, and monstrous births. In this book, Professor Roe takes the debate beyond its observational basis and shows that at issue were not only specific embryological problems but also fundamental philosophical questions about the natural world and the way science should explain it.
- Sales Rank: #4965494 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
- Published on: 2003-11-13
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.98" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .75 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 228 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
An interesting view of scientific debates
By Christian Orlic
Roe examines the debates over matter, life and generation in the 18th century. Scientific developments and investigations could have severe implications for peoples world views - scientists were trying to discover how living things come to be the way they are. They wondered why do a male and female organism produce another that looks like themselves but if one places two watches next to each other for all of eternity they do not make another watch. The book examines the controversy between epigenesis (the development of complex structure from simple beginnings) and preformationist (complex structures are preformed).
At the time intellectuals had come to see the world as a machine. The preformationist held that "all embryos had been formed by God at the Creation and encases within one the maternal egg or the male spermatozoon"; on the other hand epigenesists argued that "each embryo is newly produced through gradual development from unorganized material". The controversy between Wolf and Haller reveals something about the nature of science: conflicting and mutually exclusive research programs can coexist (in time); and that they are able to borrow from each other even if their conclusions are incompatible. This debate also shows that both experiment and views held a priori by the practitioners of science can influence their views and interpretations.
The debate between Albrecht von Haller (1708-77) & Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734-94) was not won by either one and was only later resolved. Their philosophical positions were very important in determining what they believed. Haller, was a former Roe describes the intellectual milieu in which the debate took place nicely, and explores the 17th century conviction that the world operates under certain God given laws.However, laws were seen as insufficient because if basic laws could result in complex organisms then there was no room for God. By the 18th century most preformationists argued that the egg rather than sperm contained the preformed embryos mostly due to the enormous quantity of sperm that is wasted.
Haller case shows that different research programs can coexist and that one is able to switch their allegiance but that someone's worldview can also affect their position. Both Haller and Wolff claimed that given sufficient evidence they would change their position; however, Roe claims this would have never happened because they interpreted the evidence differently: Haller was intellectually attached to Newtonian mechanisms and Wolff to German rationalism (very rationalistic, needing logical demonstrations and empirical underpinnings).
Both preformationism and epigenesis existed at the same time; it is therefore possible for distinct `paradigms' to coexist. Further these were not totally incommensurable as Wolff and Haller were able to draw from each other. Their discussion was not only about development but rather about the nature of matter and forces, the mechanization of biology, the role of empiricism and logic in science. Thus a-priori commitments restricted the type of evidence and interpretation that both Wolff and Haller deemed valuable.
Roe focuses her attention on a particularly fractious period in the development of scientific ideas. The question ought not to be whether a particular scientist adheres to this theory or that theory because of their metaphysical inclinations but whether the scientific community as a whole fails to overcome the prejudices, preconceptions and biases of some of its members (what Bacon called idols of the cave). So while it is possible that metaphysical preconceptions affected Haller's and Wolff's positions do these affect the entire scientific community? Do these cancel out? Is it not possible that scientific developments also change the available metaphysical positions one takes? The regeneration of the polyp while very controversial at the time must have become more accepted and as this occurred it allowed more people to accept it. In which ways did these scientific discussions affect the metaphysical preconceptions of those that followed? The claim that science is enslaved by the metaphysical underpinnings of its practitioners fails to recognize that science can also create new metaphysical positions or make some of these more acceptable than others. Roe's discussion of the debate may illuminate the murky road to scientific understanding but in limiting its scope to the debate and not its resolution her account fails to account how science proceeds. Is it not of equal importance to figure explore the resolution of the debate? If metaphysical preconceptions determine what people adhere to; how can ideas ever be abandoned, how is consensus reached?
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Clean
By Sabri Gokmen
Excellent copy and shipped fast. This is one of the books that I have been waiting to read. clean book.
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